Samudra pasai Kingdom

Samudra pasai Kingdom  in Indonesia recorded history as a royal Islam in Indonesia. King The first and the founder of the Indian empire Pasai is Sultan Malik al-Saleh (1290-1297). Samudra pasai Kingdom
located on the north Perlak area Lhok Seumawe now (east coast Aceh), directly adjacent to the Strait Malacca. In the year 1297 AD, Sultan Malik Al-Saleh's death, then the Samudra pasai Kingdom led by his son named Sultan Malik al-Tahir (1297 - 1326). After Sultan Malik al-Tahir's death on in 1326, the kingdom of Samudera Pasai led by his son, named Sultan Malik al-Zahir. Regarding this the sultan personally, Ibn Battuta (nomad from Morocco), which had stopped at Samudra pasai  in 1345 and 1346 said that Sultan Malik al-Zahir was a sultan who obedient to the religion and embrace Syafi hab ma i. In the reign of Malik al-Zahir there are people who become official Persian palace. In 1348, Sultan Malik al-Zahir's death, then the royal throne held by Zainal Abidin. During this Zainal Abidin, Majapahit successfully mastered Samudera Pasai. Thus, being the Samudera Pasai under the rule of Majapahit. After experiencing the destruction of Majapahit, Samudera Pasai upright again. The existence of Samudera Pasai until the year 1405 is still heard preached by Muhammad Cheng Ho leaders Chinese fleet, which is Muslim, and had stopped at Samudera Pasai. After Zainal Abidin, the kingdom is not heard from again because it has been shifted by the Kingdom of Malacca. Community's economy depends on trade Samudera Pasai. Position at the international trade route used by this kingdom to the economic advancement of its people. According to some sources history, it is known that many traders from various countries anchored in the Port of Pasai. The kingdom was trying to set up the ports that can be used to increase material supplies, taking care of shipping, collect and store merchandise, either to be sent abroad as well as those deployed in the country. Samudera Pasai state of society at that time, it is known from records Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta travel. According to their travel records, Pasai society is a society that is Muslim traders especially those living on the east coast of Sumatra. According to their records This is also known that the kingdom of Samudera Pasai a distribution center Islam to the region in Sumatra and Malacca. People Pasai who has embraced Islam into groups that play a role in spread of Islam, in addition to local clergy and merchant classes. Samudera Pasai social life, governed by rules and the laws of Islam which has similarities with the region Arab, so the area dubbed the royal Samudera Pasai region Veranda of Mecca.
 

Here is the order of the kings who ruled in the Indian Pasai, namely as follows.  
1. Sultan Malik al-Saleh;  
2. Malikul Sultan Zahir;  
3. Sultan Muhammad;  
4. Sultan Ahmad Zahir Malikul (Sultan al-Malik Jamaluddin);  
5. Sultan Zainal Abidin;  
6. Sultan Bahiah. 

Kingdom of Malacca Kingdom of Malacca now includes the territory of Malaysia, but because of Malacca played an important role in the growth kerajaan kerajaan Islam in Indonesia, the Malacca empire need to be discussed in history Islam in Indonesia. Growth of the Kingdom of Malacca is influenced by the hectic trading International Indian Ocean. Malacca Port previously lacked political power, except as a haven traders from various nations, particularly Muslim traders. Not known exactly how the beginning of the Kingdom of Malacca this. According to some versions, the kingdom was founded by a prince named Parameswara from Palembang who fled to Malacca when it happens attack of Majapahit. He founded the kingdom of Malacca around 1400. At first, Parameswara was a Hindu king. After embraced Islam, he changed his name to the name of Islam, Muhammad Shah (1400-1414). The first King was later replaced by Sultan Iskandar Shah (1414-1424). Furthermore, the kings who ruled Malacca is Sultan Muzaffar Shah (1424-1444), Sultan Mansur Shah (1444-1477), and Sultan Mahmud Shah (1477-1511). Kingdom of Malacca has a very large role in trade. Trade became the main source of income Kingdom of Malacca.
 
There some characteristics with regard to trade in Malacca.  
1) The king and royal officials involved in trade activities. They have a boat, skipper, and crew who worked with him. In addition that, they also invest their money to the shipping company. 
 2) Taxes imposed excise tax on each item divided over origin of goods. Goods originating from West Asia, like India, Persia, Arab, etc., subject to duty at 6%. While the goods from East Asia, including traders from the archipelago not subject to customs duty, but they must give tribute to kings and princes port.  
3) Trade carried out in two types. First, traders enter capital in the form of merchandise transported by ship to sold to another country. Second, the merchant entrust goods or lend money to the skipper who will share the profits with traders financiers.  
4) Kingdom issued various laws that govern trade in the Kingdom of Malacca, to trade running smoothly. Kingdom of collapse after a Malacca was ruled by the Portuguese under the leadership of Alfonso d'Albuquerque, in 1511. Thus, political power of the kingdom of Malacca only lasted less than a century.

MATARAM ANCIENT KINGDOM

Ancient Mataram Kingdom (8th century) is a 
Hindu kingdom in Java (Central Java and East Java). 
Based on the records contained in prasassti found, 
Ancient Mataram Kingdom since the reign of 
King Sanjaya started a degree Rakai Mataram  
The Queen Sanjaya. He ruled the kingdom of 
Mataram Kuno until 732M. 


Ancient Mataram Kingdom is estimated to stand since 
the beginning of the 8th century. At the beginning, 
this work is based in Central Java. However, in the 10th
century the center of Old Mataram Kingdom moved to 
East Java. Ancient Mataram Kingdom has two  
berbedaa religious backgrounds, namely Hinduism 
and Buddhism.

Sacred relics of the two buildings, among others, 
is Geding Songo temple, Dieng temple compound, 
and complex Prambanan Hindu backgrounds. 
As for the background of Buddhism, among others, 
is Kalasan, Borobudur, Mendut, Sewu, and Plaosan.

Kingdom of Mataram in Central Java

Ancient Mataram Kingdom, based in Central Java, 
consisting of two dynasty (family), the Sanjaya 
dynasty and Sailendraa. The founder was  
King Sanjaya Sanjaya dynasty. It replaced the previous kings, 
namely King Sanna. That said, King Sanjaya has saved the 
Ancient Mataram Kingdom from destruction after the  
death of King Sanna.
Rakai Pikatan then occupied the throne of  
Old Mataram Kingdom. Seeing this situation, 
the younger Pramodawarddhani, namely Balaputeradewa, 
holding resistance but lost the war. Balaputeradewa  
then fled to P. Sumatra and became the king of Srivijaya.

In the Sri Maharaja Rakai Watukura Dyah Balitung 
Dharmodaya Mahasambu ruling, there was a power 
struggle between the princes of Old Mataram Kingdom. 
When Sri Maharaja Rakai Sumba Dyah Wawa  
ruling this kingdom ended abruptly. Alleged destruction 
of this kingdom by the natural disaster since the eruption 
G. Merapi, Magelang, Central Java.

Mataram kingdom in East Java

In the aftermath of natural disasters that are considered 
as events pralaya, then in accordance with the cosmological  
foundation must be built a new kingdom with a new dynasty 
as well. In the 10th century, the grandson of Sri Maharaja 
Daksa, mpu Sindok, rebuild kingdom in Watugaluh  
(the area between Mt Semeru and Mt Wilis), East Java.  
MPU Sindok royal throne in 929 and ruled until 948. 
Kingdom which was established MPU Sindok still  
called Mataram. Thus MPU Sindok considered a  
forerunner of new dynasty, the dynasty Isana. 
The move to East Java kingdom is not accompanied by
  conquest because since the time of Dyah Balitung,  
power of Old Mataram Kingdom has meluass down to  
East Java. After the administration there MPU Sindok  
dark period until the reign of Airlangga Dharmawangsa (1020). 
Up to this period of Old Mataram Kingdom still be  
saatu empire intact. 
However, to avoid civil war, Airlangga divided  
into two kingdoms, namely the Kingdom  
Pangjalu and Janggala.

Above: Dieng temple complex in Wonosobo, Central Java, is a relic of Hindu temples in the Ancient Mataram Kingdom.						Above: Plaosan inKlaten, Central Java, one of the relics ofthe Ancient Mataram Kingdom which set in Buddhism. Above: The statue of King Airlangga, the last king of Old Mataram Kingdom of East Java, at TempleHemisphere. This statue is now kept in the MuseumTrowulan. DID YOU KNOW Natural disasters asthe eruption G.Merapi that causedthe end of Old Mataram Kingdom is considered asparalaya ordestruction of the world. Above: GedongSongo in Ungaran,Central Java, is arelic temple ancientMataram ToDo. Source: Gratitude, Abdul, General Encyclopedia for Students, Volume 6, New York: New Ichtiar van Hoeve, 2005. Page 161.

The Kingdom of Kediri

Kingdom is a kingdom of Kediri in East Java that was founded in the 12th century. Kingdom is part of Old Mataram Kingdom. Kerajaanya Center is located on the shores of S. Brantas which at that time had become a busy shipping lane.
Kediri kingdom born of the division of Mataram Kingdom by King Airlangga (1000-1049). Solving this is done to avoid disputes among the children concubines. There is no clear evidence of how the empire was broken up and into pieces. The Chronicle noted that the kingdom was divided four or five parts. But in its development, only two kingdoms are often referred to, namely Kediri (Pangjalu) and Jenggala. Samarawijaya as the legitimate heir to the kingdom got the old capital, namely Dahanaputra, and the name was changed to Pangjalu kingdom also known as the kingdom of Kediri. The development of the Kingdom of Kediri In its development, its capital Daha Kediri kingdom grow into large, while the Kingdom Jenggala getting drowned. Allegedly Jenggala conquered by the Kingdom of Kediri. However, the loss of trace Jenggala may also be caused by the lack of an inscription inscription found abandoned or not abandoned the Kingdom Jenggala. Kediri kingdom of glory had fallen when the King Kertajaya (1185-1222) at odds with the priest class. This situation is exploited by akuwu Tumapel Tunggul Ametung.		But then his position was taken by Ken Arok. Above is the former kingdom of Kediri, Ken Arok went on to establish the Kingdom Singasari, and Kediri under the authority of Singasari. When Singasari under Kertanegara reign (1268-1292), there was upheaval in the kingdom. Jayakatwang, king of Kediri, which has been subject to Singasari join the Regent Sumenep (Madura) to drop Kertanegara. Finally in 1292 Jayakatwang beat Kertanegara and rebuild the glory of the kingdom of Kediri. The collapse of Kediri After successfully beat his Kertanegara, Kediri kingdom revived under Jayakatwang. One of his squad leader Singasari, Raden Wijaya, managed to escape to Madura. Because of good behavior, Jayakatwang allow Raden Wijaya Pull to open Forest as an area where he lives. In 1293, came the Mongol army sent by Emperor Kublai Khan to seek revenge against Kertanegara. This situation is exploited to attack Jayakatwang Raden Wijaya. He worked with the Mongols and Madurese troops under the leadership of Aryan Wiraraja to demolish Kediri. In the war Jayakatwang forces easily defeated. After that no more news about the kingdom of Kediri.		Above: Shiva statue was built in the Hindu kingdom of Kediri, which figured as offerings to the god Shiva. <<Top left: Co-operation and the Mongol army to defeat the forces Arya Wiraraja Kediri troops under the command of Jayakatwang. <<Central: This statue depicts a man in the kingdom of Kediri. DID YOU KNOW In its heyday Kediri kingdom developed into a maritime empire that controls the eastern waters of the archipelago. <<Bottom left: The statue of Airlangga in the embodiment of Lord Vishnu, one of the relics of the kingdom of Kediri. Sumber : Syukur, Abdul, Ensiklopedi Umum untuk Pelajar , Jilid 5, Jakarta: Ichtiar Baru van Hoeve, 2005. Halaman 115.

Kutai Tarumanegara

Many results of research that says that the oldest Hindu kingdom in Indonesia is the Kingdom of Kutai

Kutai Kingdom, located in the Mahakam River, East Kalimantan was the first Hindu kingdom in the archipelago patterned. The main source is the kingdom of Kutai seven inscribed stones called yupa. Yupa was written with the letter Pallawa and speaking Sanskrit. Yupa was estimated to be written in the year 400 AD (the 5th century AD). From yupa it is known that the ruling king is Mulawarwan, Aswawarman child, and is the grandson Kudungga. Also mentioned in it that King Mulawarman yupa provide 1,000 prize bull to the Brahmins. Also, mentioned also that Aswawarman is wangsakarta (founder of the dynasty).
From the various descriptions can be assured that the Kingdom of Kutai has received the influence of Hinduism. However, the influence of Hindu thought after Kudungga completed rule. It was based on Kudungga own name was the original name of Indonesia. Therefore Kudungga not called wangsakarta. King Mulawarman is the greatest king of Kutai and had embraced Hinduism.
Socio-economic life of the Kingdom of Kutai
Judging from the location of the kingdom of Kutai in trade and shipping route between the West and East, the trading activity seems to be the main livelihood. People Kutai has been actively involved in international trade and trade of course they also get to the waters of the East Java Sea and Indonesia to look for merchandise that sold well in the International market. Thus, Kutai has included a stopover area of international trade, namely the Straits of Malacca, Java Sea-Makassar Straits-Kutai - China, or vice versa. 
Culture & Beliefs Kingdom of Kutai
Kutai community cultural life is closely related to belief / religious affiliation. Yupa is one of the Kutai culture, which is a stone monument which is the ancestral heritage of Indonesia from the Megalithic era, namely the form of menhirs. One yupa it mentions a sacred place by the name Waprakeswara (place of worship of Lord Shiva). It can be concluded that the community's religious Kutai is Shiva (Hindu).